Despite its early development phase, the technology is already showing transformative approaches. The JKU has been doing pioneering work in this area for some time. In the latest project, the team led by Dr. Felix Gemeinhardt (Department of Theoretical Biophysics at the JKU), together with quantum computing start-up QMware, is demonstrating how this new form of data processing can provide real added value in the manufacturing industry. The collaboration was carried out and funded as part of the European Digital Innovation Hub AI5Production.

Specific use case: the lot-sizing problem
As part of the “Test Before Invest” project, the Institute of Information Systems – Software Engineering and the Institute of Production and Logistics Management at the JKU have teamed up with quantum computing start-up QMware to test the added value of quantum computing for industrial applications based on a specific problem. The “Hybrid quantum-classical optimization for the lot-sizing problem (HyQOLoS)” project looks at challenges that are commonplace in the manufacturing industry: The lot-sizing problem asks how much of a product should be produced or ordered and when in order to minimize costs. Factors such as storage costs and production capacities make this planning particularly complex. The HyQOLoS project combines classical and quantum methods to efficiently solve difficult sub-problems and thus optimize business processes.

Hybrid quantum computing: a new approach for complex computing power
Although quantum computing is still in its infancy, hybrid quantum-classical solutions are already paving the way for practical applications. The Viennese start-up QMware specializes in combining classical and quantum-based technology. With QMware’s hybrid cloud platform, the JKU team was able to develop and test new algorithms that intelligently combine classical and quantum-based approaches. These algorithms utilize the respective strengths of both approaches and thus offer practice-oriented solutions for industrial challenges. The development of such hybrid approaches requires not only specialized hardware, but also innovative software that efficiently integrates classical and quantum-based components. This approach shows how the potential of quantum computing can already be applied to specific problems today.

HyQOLoS: Future prospects and industrial applications
With HyQOLoS, the JKU and QMware have proven that hybrid quantum computing creates practical added value and lays a foundation for future technological developments. The team has produced a prototype application that can overcome real industrial challenges. At the same time, the project shows how SMEs can implement innovative solutions through collaboration with research institutions and programs such as the European Digital Innovation Hub AI5Production.

About the Johannes Kepler University Linz
The Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU) has been a university with strong regional roots and an international focus for almost 60 years. It is the largest educational and research institution in Upper Austria, where teaching and research is carried out in the fields of law, technology, natural sciences, medicine, education, social sciences and economics. Around 25,000 students and almost 4,000 employees have a modern infrastructure on the JKU campus with plenty of space for learning, research and living. One research focus is the systematic development of quantum software and its integration with classical software systems to advance hybrid quantum computing in various application domains

About QMware
QMware is a leading provider of hybrid quantum computing cloud services specializing in B2B Quantum-as-a-Service. The company’s platform combines high-performance computing with advanced quantum resources to augment today’s hyperscaler capabilities. Using advanced quantum hypervisor technology, QMware manages data processing tasks and selects the most appropriate system – classical or quantum – depending on the specific requirements of each task. This strategic approach makes QMware a key enabler of early quantum computing solutions in the industry, serving the growing demand for superior computing power in optimization, simulation and machine learning. As a member of the SeQuenC initiative, QMware has been selected to build the first quantum cloud for German industry in 2022. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry of Economics and Climate Protection. Further information can be found at qm-ware.com and LinkedIn.

Press contact

Mira Dechant

VP PR & Marketing at QMware

Phone: +41 795105338

E-mail: mira.dechant@qm-ware.com

To truly democratize quantum technology, we need a diverse workforce that reflects the world around us. This means including people of all genders, ages, backgrounds, and areas of expertise. From seasoned experts to curious newcomers, everyone should have a basic understanding of quantum concepts. By empowering inclusivity, we can reach the fullest potential of this revolutionary technology. But what are the most effective ways to create an inclusive and equitable environment? 

I recently participated in the Quantum Effects event in Stuttgart and had the pleasure to join a panel discussion titled, “Let’s get (Quantum) Physical! How Quantum Tech is Empowering Diverse Leadership and Workforce”, hosted by Dr. Stefan Seegerer. Alongside me were esteemed panelists: Esperanza Cuenca Gómez, Developer Relations Manager for Quantum Computing at NVIDIA, PhD Marta Pascual Estarellas, CEO of Qilimanjaro Quantum Tech, and Dr. Katrin Kobe, CEO of Bosch Quantum Sensing. Together, we explored how we can create a more inclusive and diverse leadership landscape in the field of quantum computing. I will highlight some key takeaways.

How can we increase accessibility to quantum education?

Even if you’re deeply involved in the quantum world, it’s easy to forget that many people still have only a vague understanding or no knowledge at all of quantum technology. This lack of understanding can create a significant barrier to the widespread adoption and acceptance of quantum technologies. To overcome this challenge, it’s crucial to develop effective communication strategies that bridge the gap between quantum experts and the general public. Some suggestions include:

• Provide scholarships and financial aid: Offer financial support to individuals from underrepresented groups to help them pursue education and research in quantum computing.
• Create mentorship programs: Establish mentorship programs that connect experienced professionals with early-career researchers and especially students from diverse backgrounds.
• Offer outreach initiatives: Conduct outreach programs in schools, universities, and community centers to raise awareness of quantum computing and inspire interest among diverse populations. A leading example is the Quantum Social Lab in Munich. More details on where to involve as a student can be found in our Quantum Career Articles (Part1, Part2).

Why is it important to teach what quantum is NOT?

Quantum computing is often misunderstood, with many believing it’s a magic bullet that will instantly solve all our problems. While quantum technology holds great promise, it’s important to understand its limitations and realistic expectations. Some of the points that need to be clarified to a new audience:

• Quantum computing is not a universal speed-up: It won’t make everything faster. Quantum computers excel at specific types of problems, but they may not be advantageous for every task. That is something that needs to be clearly understood.
• Quantum computing is not yet a mature technology: It’s still in its early stages of development, with significant challenges to overcome before widespread commercialization. Quantum computers are highly sensitive to noise and errors, making it difficult to maintain their quantum states for long periods. Researchers are actively working on developing error correction techniques and improving the stability of quantum hardware.
• Quantum computing won’t replace classical computers: Quantum computers are expected to complement classical computers, not replace them entirely. Classical computers will continue to be essential for many tasks, such as running general-purpose applications and handling everyday computations. Quantum computers will be most valuable for solving specific problems that are intractable for classical computers.

How can we ensure that quantum sees more women entering the field?

In our discussion at the Quantum Effects we stumbled upon on an interesting trend: the proportion of women  involved in the quantum industry is growing faster compared to other technical fields, said Dr. Katrin Kobe. However, the words of Marta Pascual Estarellas, mark that success in quantum computing requires more than just representation. It also demands courage to fail and a relentless pursuit of learning. Quantum technology is moving fast, which makes it even twice as essential for every quantum enthusiast to accept challenges, learn from mistakes, and continually update their knowledge. The ability to learn quickly and adapt to new information is a crucial skill for anyone working in quantum. As the CEO of Qilimanjaro emphasized: It is important to fail because only failures show us where we need to improve.

In summary, if we want to be successful in the establishment of a diverse and inclusive quantum computing community, we must increase accessibility to education, address misconceptions about quantum technology, and promote diversity. By doing so, we can create a more equitable and innovative ecosystem.

What’s the best fit for you:

Quantum Information Theory, Quantum Hardware & Experimental Physics or Quantum Software Development?

If you’re intrigued by the theoretical side of things, like developing quantum algorithms or optimizing quantum systems, you might want to dive into quantum information theory. This area often requires a solid background in physics and involves complex mathematical models and simulations.
If you’re more hands-on and fascinated by building and testing quantum hardware, the hardware or experimentalist path could be for you. This field involves engineering, microfabrication, and a lot of lab work, making it ideal for those with a knack for practical and technical skills.

Or maybe you’re into coding and creating software that runs on quantum machines? Then the software side of quantum computing might be your calling. This path involves programming, scientific computing, and developing tools and applications, best suited for those with a computer science background.

In the following, we’ll break down the three different sectors of Quantum Information Theory, Quantum Hardware & Experimental Physics as well as Quantum Software and Algorithm Development. We further explore which academic programs can set you up for success in each area. By understanding these pathways, you can make a more informed decision about how to shape your future in this exciting field.

1. Quantum Information Theory

Why choose Quantum Information Theory as a Major?

It’s ideal for those who are passionate about exploring the theoretical foundations of modern technology and are intrigued by the intersection of quantum mechanics and information theory.

Quantum Information Theory (QIT) is a field that merges quantum mechanics with information theory to understand and utilize the principles of quantum systems for processing and transmitting information. This overview will cover the fundamental concepts, key protocols, and significant advancements in the field.

What will you do with a career in Quantum Information Theory?

You’ll spend your days developing new ways to use quantum computers to solve problems that are difficult for classical computers. This involves creating new algorithms, understanding the limitations of quantum systems, and figuring out how to prevent errors in quantum computations.

Recommended Majors:

• Physics: At the heart of quantum theory is, of course, physics. A degree in physics will give you a solid foundation in understanding the concepts of quantum mechanics. It’s a great place to start if you’re keen on understanding the theoretical side of things.
• Mathematics: Quantum information theory relies heavily on complex mathematical structures. If you enjoy solving abstract problems and want to work on quantum algorithms, a mathematics degree will give you the tools you need to manipulate the intricate equations that drive quantum computing.
• Computer Science: While traditional computer science deals with classical computers, it’s an essential starting point for anyone looking to dive into quantum computing. Learning how classical algorithms work will help you understand the revolutionary differences that quantum algorithms introduce.

Recommended Master’s Pathways for Quantum Information Theory:

In our last article, we mentioned some institutes in the DACH region that offer quantum programs at the Master’s level. For Quantum Information Theory, some renowned institutes include ETH Zurich, EPFL, University of Vienna, Technical University of Munich (TUM), and University of Innsbruck. For more information click here.

Specializing in Quantum Information Theory offers diverse career paths across several fields. In academia, opportunities exist for advancing both theoretical and practical aspects of quantum information, contributing to research in cryptography, quantum computing algorithms, and quantum communications. This work can be pursued in universities, research institutes, and national laboratories dedicated to quantum technology.

Wondering how this plays out in everyday work life?

In the field of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD), researchers and engineers are focused on advancing secure communication systems grounded in the principles of quantum mechanics. The team of Terra Quantum, for example, announced in 2023 to have sent quantum-encrypted data through a 1,032-kilometer fiber-optic network at more than 10,000 times previous speed record. Find out more here. Another prominent player is the Zeilinger Group in Vienna, Austria, led by Nobel laureate Anton Zeilinger. This group is developing innovative applications of quantum physics in quantum communication techology to ensure unbreakable security in data transmission. To learn more about their work, visit the Zeilinger Group’s research page.

2. Quantum Hardware and Experimental Physics

Why choose Quantum Quantum Hardware and Experimental Physics as a Major?

Those who are passionate about building and experimenting with physical systems to implement quantum mechanics in real-world devices.

Quantum Hardware and Experimental Physics is the field where theory meets hands-on work. It involves constructing and optimizing quantum systems, such as quantum computers and sensors, through direct experimentation and engineering. This overview will cover the primary hardware platforms, experimental techniques, and technological advancements in the field.

What will you do with a career in Quantum Hardware and Experimental Physics?

Your tasks will involve designing and building quantum hardware, from quantum processors to quantum communication devices. This involves working with systems like superconducting qubits, trapped ions, or photonic circuits, and exploring how to control and manipulate quantum states for practical applications. A deep understanding of quantum mechanics, along with expertise in experimental methods, is essential to push the boundaries of quantum technologies.

You may also have the opportunity to work on hybrid setups that merge classical and quantum resources, transforming today’s data centers and IT infrastructure. These setups, like those being developed by the team at QMware, accelerate early advancements in quantum applications by leveraging the strengths of both worlds. Read more about a collaboration between Oracle, NVIDIA and QMware here. This approach empowers you to contribute to developing practical solutions that push the frontiers of quantum and classical computing integration.

Recommended Majors:

• Physics: A background in experimental physics, with a focus on condensed matter or atomic physics, is valuable for working with quantum systems. Theoretical knowledge in quantum mechanics combined with experimental skills is critical for understanding the behaviour of quantum particles in different environments. Physicists are often at the forefront of developing new quantum algorithms and testing the feasibility of implementing quantum systems using various platforms such as superconducting circuits, ion traps, or photonic systems.
• Materials Science: Knowledge of materials properties and fabrication techniques can be beneficial for developing new quantum materials. Materials science plays a pivotal role in quantum hardware, as the performance of quantum devices depends heavily on the materials used to construct them. This major focuses on the properties of materials at the atomic and molecular level, particularly in areas like superconductivity, semiconductor physics, and nanotechnology. Understanding fabrication techniques such as thin-film deposition, nanofabrication, and cryogenics will enable you to design materials that can sustain quantum states over long periods.

Recommended Master’s Pathways for Quantum Information Theory:

Several top institutes in the DACH region offer excellent master’s programs. In Germany, the Technical University of Munich (TUM) provides a Master of Science in Quantum Science & Technology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München and the University of Stuttgart offer a Master of Science in Physics with a focus on Quantum Technologies. In Austria, the University of Vienna has a Master of Science in Quantum Physics. To learn more details refer to our first article of the Quantum Career series.

Wondering how this plays out in everyday work life?

In the realm of quantum hardware, various approaches are being actively researched and developed. For instance, companies like AQT (Alpine Quantum Technologies) are at the  focusing on building scalable quantum processors using trapped-ion technology. Another leading company is our partner QuEra who are solving complex problems by mapping problems into the flexible programmable geometry of 256 neutral atoms. Microsoft on the other hand is attempting to build qubits that will be less than 10 microns on a side, so that more than one million can fit on a single chip, enabling a single-module machine of practical size.

3. Quantum Software and Algorithm Development

Why choose Quantum Software and Algorithm Development as a Major? 

If your interests lie in creating software applications and algorithms that utilize the principles of quantum computers, then this might be the right path for you.

What will you do with a career in  Quantum Software and Algorithm Development?:

In Quantum Software and Algorithm Development, the focus is on designing and implementing algorithms that utilize the computational power of quantum systems. This requires a deep understanding of both quantum mechanics and classical computer science. The tasks involve creating quantum algorithms that solve specific problems more efficiently than classical methods, such as quantum machine learning algorithms, which enhance AI and data processing. Additionally, you’ll work with quantum programming languages like Qiskit or Cirq, program quantum circuits to execute tasks, and develop error mitigation strategies to improve quantum computations. Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms, such as variational quantum algorithms (VQA), are also a key area, combining the strengths of quantum and classical systems for applications in fields like chemistry, optimization, and machine learning.

Recommended Majors:

• Physics: While quantum software development focuses on programming, a solid grasp of quantum mechanics is very important to understand how quantum computers differ from classical systems. A physics major provides insights into the behaviour of qubits, entanglement, superposition, and quantum gates—concepts that inform quantum algorithm design. Familiarity with quantum theory also helps bridge the gap between theoretical ideas and their practical implementation on quantum hardware.
• Mathematics: A deep background in mathematics, particularly in linear algebra, group theory, probability, and numerical methods, is essential for quantum software development. Linear algebra forms the backbone of quantum mechanics, with concepts like vector spaces, eigenvalues, and matrix operations being fundamental to understanding how qubits operate and interact. Mathematical rigour helps in the design and analysis of quantum algorithms and protocols, which require precision and abstract thinking.
• Computer Science: Another option is to opt for computer science but specialize in a quantum program within your degree. You might not learn quantum mechanics in depth but, you will be taught a strong foundation in programming, data structures, algorithms, and complexity theory to write quantum programs and optimize quantum circuits. Knowledge of parallel computing and distributed systems will also help when exploring how classical and quantum systems can work together in hybrid quantum-classical algorithms.

Wondering how this plays out in everyday work life?

As quantum hardware advances, the demand for skilled quantum software developers is increasing. Two prominent players in this field, Terra Quantum and QuEra, are focusing on developing practical applications and addressing real-world challenges. One of many examples is the development of a groundbreaking hybrid quantum neural network (HQNN) for drug response prediction. This innovative approach combines the power of quantum computing with classical neural networks to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of drug discovery processes. QuEra which is partnering with QMware has developed algorithms that can be applied to solve complex optimization problems, such as those found in logistics, finance, and machine learning.

We hope this guide helps clarify your options and inspires you to pursue your passion in quantum computing. For further details on specific programs and career opportunities, stay tuned to our series and continue exploring the exciting world of quantum technology.

In the modern computing ecosystem, the role of a hypervisor is critical to managing virtual machines (VMs) and saving costly infrastructure. Also known as a virtual machine monitor or VMM, a hypervisor enables a host computer to support multiple guest VMs by virtually sharing its resources, such as memory and processing power.

Why a Quantum Hypervisor is essential for modern data centers

Given the fact that Quantum Processing Units (QPUs) still cost millions of Euros, the optimal utilization of such hardware is crucial for its commercially viable use. Another important feature of qognite™ ist its downward compatibility with future hardware so that enterprises can rely on using their once developed software for hybrid quantum computers ad infinitum, just like the industry standard of the x86 instruction set which has been used since 1978, uninterruptedly.   

On-demand Quantum Computing access

QMware also provides its Quantum Hypervisor in the Cloud. This ensures the quantum computing resources to be readily available on-demand, enabling users to access quantum computing power when needed, scaling up or down based on their individual requirements. This flexibility is key to foster innovation and agility within software development teams.

Cost-effective quantum solutions

Virtualization platforms are built to optimally utilize the costly hardware resources. Thus, qognite™ not only represents a technical innovation but also an economical solution. Companies can now explore quantum computing in first use cases without the traditional barriers to entry, leveraging cloud-based quantum services to gain a competitive edge.

Why use Quantum Cloud Services?

Quantum Computing is transforming industries by modernizing Enterprise IT estates towards High-Performance Computing in a Multicloud Landscape. It will eventually exponentially increase processing power and accuracy of many enterprise applications in the fields of Simulation, Optimization and AI. Even though physical Quantum Processors are still in their early stages, enterprises can benefit from quantum computing today using QMware’s Quantum Hypervisor combined with our HPC-grade Quantum Simulator.

Enschede, the Netherlands, 17 September 2024 – Bia^TM Quantum Cloud Computing Service represents an important step forward for QuiX Quantum. While it provides immediate access to quantum computing directly to businesses and research institutions, Bia^TM Quantum Cloud Computing Service also serves as a stepping stone in the effort of establishing the first hybrid quantum-classical computing platform based on photonics accessible via the Cloud.

“We’re committed to both the near-term impact of quantum computing and the long-term goal of reshaping entire industries.”said Dr.-Ing. Stefan Hengesbach, CEO of QuiX Quantum “and in this respect, Bia^TMQuantum Cloud Computing Service gives organizations a tangible way to leverage quantum technology today. As we continue to develop our universal quantum computer, our Cloud Service allows users to explore the power of quantum computing and solve specific problems right now.” 

Bia^TM is a near-term Quantum Computer designed to solve, natively, specific problems in both fundamental research and quantum simulations, like Boson Sampling, Quantum random walks and Quantum Monte Carlo simulations, respectively. Thanks to the remote integration of classical computing infrastructure with its native quantum hardware, Bia^TM can also help in optimization problems and simulations for various industries by implementing variational quantum eingen solver (VQE) algorithms. 

George Gesek, CTO and co-founder QMware says “QMware’s integration with QuiX Quantum’s photonic processor in Enschede marks a significant advancement in our hybrid quantum platform. This partnership gives our customers direct access to cutting-edge photonic quantum computing. QMware’s SDK basiq™ supports both, current analog algorithms as well as the upcoming gate-based implementations by QuiX Quantum, delivering on our mission to provide scalable, commercially viable quantum computing solutions, just as they emerge.”

About Bia™
Bia™ is a near-term photonic quantum computing system that combines state-of-the-art technology and off-the-shelf components, such as a single-photons generation module (from 2 to 4 input single-photons simultaneously), a quantum processing unit (starting with 12 and upgradable to20 channels), a light detection module (up to 20 detectors), and advanced quantum control software. Bia™ is powered by QuiX Quantum award-winning Alquor®Quantum Photonic Processor, known for its ability to operate at room temperature,along with lowest losses and complete programmability. Access here.

About QuiX Quantum

QuiX Quantum is the European leader in photonic quantum computing hardware, driving innovation with proven quality in the development of its Universal Quantum Computer. The first system, already sold and contracted for delivery, underscores the impact of QuiX Quantum’s market-leading hardware and renowned quality. This strong technological foundation positions the company to build the most powerful quantum computers. With five offices across Europe, QuiX Quantum continues to push the boundaries of quantum technology while serving a growing global customer base.

About QMware 

QMware stands as a leading provider of hybrid quantum computing cloud services, specializing in B2B Quantum as a Service. The company’s platform blends high-performance computing with advanced quantum resources, designed to augment today’s hyperscaler capabilities. Leveraging sophisticated quantum hypervisor technology, QMware manages data processing tasks, selecting the most appropriate system—classical or quantum—based on each task’s specific requirements. This strategic approach establishes QMware as a key enabler of early quantum computing solutions in the industry, catering to the growing demand for superior computing performance in optimization, simulation, and machine learning. As a member of the SeQuenC initiative, in 2022 QMware was selected to build the first quantum cloud for German industry. The project is funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Climate Protection. Further information can be found at qm-ware.com and LinkedIn. 

Press Contact QMware

Mira Dechant

VP PR & Marketing of QMware

Phone: +41 795105338

E-Mail: mira.dechant@qm-ware.com

Press Contact Quix Quantum

E-Mail: marketing@quixquantum.com

Right now, students all over Europe are in the thick of their finals, aiming for those top grades. But beyond the stress of exams, it’s also a great time to think about where your career might lead. One exciting area that’s making waves is quantum computing. These cutting-edge technologies are moving out of the lab and into the real world.

Top universities to start your career in Quantum Computing

If you’re curious about this field, The Quantum Insider has put together a handy list of universities that specialize in quantum computing research, which you can find here. Under the top three are California Institute of Technology (CALTECH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Standford University. And guess what? ETH Zurich is names under the Top 20 as well. With our office in St.Gallen, we’re thrilled to be part of this community filled with brilliant minds and scientists.

Top Universities for Quantum Computing in the DACH region

Expanding on The Quantum Insider’s insights, we’d like to spotlight universities within our ecosystem in Germany – Austria – Switzerland that provide outstanding quantum computing education in Austria and Germany.

Top Universities for Quantum Computing Education in Austria

1. Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ):

• The Vienna Center for Quantum Science and Technology (VCQ) is one of Europe’s premier quantum research hubs, including 31 research groups from the University of Vienna, TU Wien, the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and the Institute of Science and Technology Austria.

• Their research areas stretch from fundamental quantum physics to new quantum technologies.

• View current PhD Positions at VQC here.

2. Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI), Innsbruck:

• The Institute for Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) in Innsbruck, affiliated with the Austrian Academy of Sciences, focuses on both theoretical and experimental quantum optics and information.

• Research areas include quantum computation with trapped ions, quantum gases of strongly magnetic atoms, and complex quantum many-body behaviour. Under the guidance of Nobel laureate physicist Anton Zeilinger, the IQOQI has made significant advancements in quantum entanglement, quantum teleportation, and the foundations of quantum mechanics

• Find the list of open positions here.

3. Technical University of Vienna (TU Wien):

• As mentioned above, TU Wien is a part of the VCQ, one of the largest quantum hubs in Europe.

• TU Wien offers an interdisciplinary master’s program that covers quantum physics, quantum technology and devices, and quantum information and computing. This program aims to provide a holistic understanding of quantum information technology and advance its development through innovative approaches. More info here.

• TU Wien collaborates with other universities and companies on interdisciplinary projects, such as combining quantum computers and supercomputers. Read about this here.

4. University of Applied Sciences Vienna:

Starting in fall 2024, the University of Applied Sciences Vienna will offer a new Master’s degree program in Quantum Engineering. This program is designed to provide students with comprehensive knowledge and practical skills in Quantum Computing. A significant feature of this program is its strong emphasis on practical experience through industry collaboration. Students will have opportunities to work on real-world projects with leading companies in the quantum technology sector. Check out this website for more information.

5. Johannes Kepler University Linz (JKU):

• JKU offers strong collaboration between computer science, physics, and engineering departments to advance quantum computing research. The faculty maintains strong connections with industry leaders like QMware, which supported scientist Felix Gemeinhardt during a project in the field of optimization in the manufacturing industry. Read our latest Interview with Felix Gemeinhardt here.

• Master’s Programs: The university provides a Master’s degree in Computer Science with elective subjects in quantum computing and quantum information. More info here.

Top Universities for Quantum Computing Education in Germany

1. Technical University of Munich (TUM) / Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU):

• The Quantum Science & Technology master’s program is a collaborative effort with Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU). Key study areas include quantum computers, quantum sensing, quantum simulation, quantum materials, and quantum cryptography.

• Graduates of this Master’s program are trained to work in interdisciplinary research teams at universities and in the high-tech industry. Another career path includes founding or joining start-ups, which are often launched directly from universities. A strategic connection to UnternehmerTUM provides a particularly advantageous synergy for such ventures. Check out this page for more info

• The Chair of Quantum Algorithms and Applications offer interesting and responsible PhD/PostDoc positions with continuing education and development opportunities. Read more here.

2. University of Würzburg: Offers a specialized program in Quantum Engineering.

• The Master’s program in Quantum Engineering at the University of Würzburg is a two-year, research-oriented program designed to deepen students’ knowledge in both theoretical and experimental quantum physics. The program includes a one-year integrated project within a faculty research team, consisting of three units with distinct learning goals, unified into a comprehensive research topic. Find out more details here.

• The program is taught entirely in English, making it accessible to international students, and it adheres to the Bologna process, ensuring compatibility with the European Higher Education Area. Graduates of this program have gone on to pursue PhDs at prestigious institutions like Stanford, Berkeley, Oxford, and Cambridge, or have joined major international companies in various sectors such as engineering, energy, healthcare, and finance. Read about it here.

3. University of Bonn:

The University of Bonn offers a robust quantum computing program through its participation in the “Matter and Light for Quantum Computing” (ML4Q) Cluster of Excellence. This program is a collaborative effort involving the universities of Cologne, Aachen, and Bonn, as well as Forschungszentrum Jülich. View more here. The advanced courses cover topics such as quantum circuits, quantum algorithms, quantum computers, quantum noise, and quantum error correction. View more here.

4. University of Aachen:

The RWTH Aachen University offers a specialized Master’s program in Quantum Technology, developed in collaboration with the Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology. This program includes both theoretical and experimental courses, along with a dedicated lab course to apply theory in practice. Starting from the winter semester of 2019/20, it aims to equip students with the skills needed for research and industrial applications in quantum technology. Learn more here.

5. University of Tübingen:

• Within the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences at Tübingen, there is a strong and diverse focus on quantum science research. The Center for Quantum Science unifies research groups that work on include superconductivity, nanotechnology, ultracold atoms and their interaction with light, and quantum many-body physics.

• Check out the  Master’s program in Advanced Quantum Physics at the University of Tübingen which offers knowledge in quantum science, hands-on lab courses, research opportunities, and an optional industrial internship, all taught in English over two years.

6. Leibniz University Hannover / TU Braunschweig (combined):

• The Quantum Engineering Master’s program at Leibniz University Hannover in collaboration with Technical University of Braunschweig combines fundamental quantum physics and industrial applications. The curriculum covers communication, simulation, sensors, and computation, with courses in quantum mechanics, electrical engineering, quantum communication, metrology, simulation, and computing. Read more here.

• Some courses are held at Technische Universität Braunschweig. Taught in English, the program is accessible to international students and aims to transfer quantum technology solutions from research to industry.It’s part of the TU9, an alliance of the nine leading technical universities in Germany. Ideal for those at the forefront of the second quantum revolution.

7. University of Stuttgart:

Since 2014, the University of Stuttgart, Ulm University, and the Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research have collaborated on the Center for Integrated Quantum Science and Technology (IQST). At the Center for Applied Quantum Technology (ZAQuant), scientists develop advanced nanophotonic quantum sensors to improve sensitivity, specificity, and energy efficiency. ZAQuant also has top-tier labs for quantum sensor research. Additionally, University of Stuttgart researchers are key players in building Europe’s most powerful quantum computer at the Competence Center Quantum Computing Baden-Württemberg. Click here for further reading.

Top Universities for Quantum Computing Education in Switzerland

1. ETH Zürich:

• The Quantum Center at ETH Zurich coordinates a wide range of scientific and structural activities in quantum science and technology.  Key initiatives include the ETH Zurich – PSI Quantum Computing Hub, which focuses on advancing quantum computers using ion traps and superconducting components, and the Swiss Quantum Initiative, which consolidates Switzerland’s position in quantum science. Additionally, the center offers Faculty Fellowships to attract top scientists and the INSPIRE Potentials – Quantum Center Master Award to encourage female students in underrepresented fields. Read more here.

• The Master in Quantum Engineering at ETH Zurich is designed to equip students with a strong knowledge base for the emerging field of quantum technology. Launched in 2019, this program is a collaboration between the Departments of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering (D-ITET) and Physics (D-PHYS). The community Quantum Engineering Commission (QEC) organises various activities, including scientific talks through the Quantum Paper Club, hackathons, and networking events to enhance the students’ learning experience. This link will tell you more.

2. EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne):

• The EPFL Center for Quantum Science and Engineering (QSE Center) serves as a hub for cross-disciplinary research, education, and innovation in quantum science and engineering. The center focuses on key areas such as quantum hardware, software, and applied quantum algorithms.

• The Master’s program in Quantum Science and Engineering at EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) is designed to equip students with the skills needed to excel in the quantum field. Graduates from this program are well-prepared for careers in both academia and industry, particularly in sectors that are increasingly integrating quantum technologies. The program is interdisciplinary, welcoming students from various backgrounds such as physics, mathematics, computer science, and engineering. More info here.

3. University of Basel

• The Basel Quantum Center at the University of Basel consists of 15 research labs focusing on condensed matter, atomic, molecular, and optical systems. Some researchers are also part of the Center for Quantum Computing and Quantum Coherence (QC2), which aims to explore the feasibility of scalable quantum computers under realistic conditions. Additionally, the Quantum Center collaborates with the Albert-Ludwigs University in Freiburg, Germany, through a cross-border postdoc cluster. Click here for more details.

• The Basel Quantum Center offers various opportunities for students and researchers. For Bachelor and Master theses, students are encouraged to contact group PIs to discuss potential topics. The center is also actively seeking motivated PhD candidates and postdoctoral fellows, with details available on the research groups’ websites. Find the position and theses here.

4. University of Geneva

• The Geneva Quantum Centre (GQC) at the University of Geneva is a hub for cutting-edge research and education in quantum science and technology. It focuses on four primary research areas: Quantum Information & Communication, Quantum Computation & Simulation, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum Materials. More info here.

• The Geneva Quantum Centre (GQC) is dedicated to providing top-tier education in Quantum Science and Technology at the Bachelor, Master, and Doctoral levels. At the Master level, it offers interdisciplinary programs combining lectures on quantum information, materials, and computation, with contributions from both theoretical and experimental experts. For Doctoral students, GQC supports courses by international experts and aims to collaborate with EPFL Lausanne and ETH Zurich to enable student exchanges and research collaborations. Find more under this link.

These institutions are at the most prestigious and advanced ones in quantum research and education, making them excellent choices for aspiring quantum technologists.

Product States vs Entangled States

To obtain a better understanding of entanglement, it is important to examine the notion of states and combined systems in quantum mechanics.

Product States

Product states describe systems composed of multiple subsystems where the state of each individual subsystem can be described independently. Mathematically, the state of the combined system can then be expressed as a tensor product of states of the individual subsystems. For the simple case of two qubits, A and B, where each one is in the state ∣ψ⟩_A and ∣ψ⟩_B respectively, the state of the combined system of the two is expressed as the tensor product of the two individual qubit states: ​

Here, ⊗ represents the tensor product, which combines states in a manner that permits the independent evolution of each state. In product states, measuring one part of the system does not influence the outcome of measuring the other part.

Let’s look at an example of a product state, when two qubits are each prepared in an equal superposition of the basis states ∣0⟩_and ∣1⟩. In such a case, the state of the joint system of A and B is the tensor product of two qubit states A and B.

When we take the tensor product of ∣ψ⟩_{_A} and ∣ϕ⟩_B, we get the product state

which results in

Which represents an equally weighted superposition of basis states of the combined system ∣00⟩_AB, ∣01⟩_AB, ∣10⟩_AB, and ∣11⟩_AB. This state ∣Ψ⟩_AB is separable because it can be written in the form of a tensor product of basis states.

In general, any state that can be expressed as a tensor product expression of basis states is called separable.

Entangled States

In entangled states, on the other hand, the joint quantum states of two or more particles cannot be described independently of each other, even when the particles are separated by large distances. Mathematically, if a joint system composed of subsystems A and B is in an entangled state, it cannot be factored into a tensor product of two independent single-particle states. This is, in fact, the definition of an entangled state: A state ∣Ψ⟩_AB is called entangled if it is not separable (in any basis).

Instead, entangled states are represented by a sum of product states.

We will analyse the features of entangled states with an example. A commonly used entangled state for two qubits, is the so called Bell state ∣Φ^+⟩:

In this state, the outcomes of a measurement on qubit A are correlated with the measurement outcomes of qubit B. When we obtain ∣0⟩_A as the outcome of a measurement on qubit A, we know that qubit B is in state ∣0⟩_B, and analogously for ∣1⟩.

This type of correlation with respect to a single basis, here the ∣0⟩/∣1⟩ basis, is not yet so special. A separable state such as ∣0⟩_A∣0⟩_B, or ∣1⟩_A∣1⟩_B, or a mixed state with terms ∣0⟩_A∣0⟩_B and ∣1⟩_A∣1⟩_B would also exhibit similar correlations when measured in the standard ∣0⟩/∣1⟩ basis. However, if we measure these states in the diagonal ∣+⟩/∣-⟩ basis instead, the measurement outcomes would be statistically random and uncorrelated. In contrast, if we measure the entangled Bell state ∣Φ^+⟩ in the diagonal basis, we still obtain perfectly correlated results, even though each individual measurement result is intrinsically random! You can verify this yourself by expanding these states in the diagonal basis.

EPR Paradox

This correlation of measurement outcomes on entangled states, is what lies at the core of the so-called EPR paradox, introduced by Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen in 1935 [2]. The EPR paradox was a thought experiment designed to question whether quantum mechanics provides a complete description of physical reality. In a nutshell, they argued that the inherent randomness and notion of entangled states in quantum mechanics indicated that the quantum theory was incomplete, suggesting the existence of “hidden variables” that – while inaccessible to the experimenter – determine the outcome of each measurement. This perspective is known as local realism.

Local realism is based on two fundamental principles:

Locality: The idea that an object is only directly influenced by its immediate surroundings and not by distant surroundings.

Realism: The belief that physical quantities have well defined values even when they are not being measured or observed.

A little bit like the moon, that is also there when we don’t look at it.

In the EPR paper, they considered two particles in an entangled state. Their derived correlations appeared to violate the principle of locality and the interpretation of the measured physical quantity as an element of physical reality, creating the paradox. This famously led Einstein to describe entanglement as “spooky action at a distance.”

Bell’s Theorem and Bell Test

In 1964, physicist John Bell proposed a theorem stating that any theory based on local hidden variables yields different predictions for the outcomes of certain experiments compared to quantum mechanics. These experiments, now famously known as Bell tests, involve measuring the properties of entangled particles in different directions [3].

If the correlations between the measurement outcomes in experiments with entangled states exceed a specific limit (known as Bell’s inequality), the predictions of quantum mechanics are confirmed, and local realism can be ruled out (Let that sink in). In other words, if Bell’s inequality is violated, then “spooky action at a distance” is fact, indicating that the universe is fundamentally non-local.

Since Bell’s theorem was proposed, numerous modern versions of Bell test experiments have been carried out. In all well-controlled tests, the results have consistently violated Bell’s inequality, providing strong empirical evidence against local realism and supporting quantum mechanics.

Nobel Prizes

In 2022, the Nobel Prize in Physics recognized the significant contributions of John Clauser, Alain Aspect, and Anton Zeilinger to the field of quantum physics. The prize was awarded “for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities, and pioneering quantum information science.” John Clauser further developed John Bell’s ideas and conducted an experiment that supported quantum mechanics by violating a Bell inequality.

Alain Aspect improved upon Clauser’s experiment, closing an important loophole in the experiment. Anton Zeilinger and his research group demonstrated experimental quantum teleportation for the first time, a phenomenon that allows the transfer of a quantum state from one particle to another at a distance using entanglement as a resource.

These groundbreaking works have significantly advanced our understanding of quantum entanglement and its potential applications [4].

References:

[1] https://learning.quantum.ibm.com/course/basics-of-quantum-information/multiple-systems
[2] https://cds.cern.ch/record/405662/files/PhysRev.47.777.pdf
[3] https://cds.cern.ch/record/111654/files/vol1p195-200_001.pdf
[4] https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2022/press-release/

Alongside QuiX Quantum and Equinix, QMware took the stage at the Q-Expo during the Quantum Meets conference in Amsterdam on June 12th. QuiX Quantum revealed the launch of their proprietary quantum cloud access for September 17th. This launch marks a significant milestone in the partnership between the two companies, enabling QMware to integrate the QuiX Quantum QPU into its hybrid quantum cloud. In a moderated conversation, Dr. Stefan Hengesbach (CEO QuiX Quantum) and George Gesek (CTO and co-founder QMware) share more background about the launch and their partnership.

Stefan, you had some good news today. Announcing the launch of your quantum computing cloud access. What can users expect on September 17th?

Stefan Hengesbach: Users can expect two types of access to our Bia™ quantum computer. The first is for scientific users, offering remote access that is straightforward and without additional services. The second type of access is through QMware, which combines the HPC with the quantum computer and includes a range of additional services. This option is tailored to industrial customers.

You were on stage today with QMware and Equinix. Can you share more insights on how you collaborate with both partners to bring your hardware capabilities to the market?

Stefan Hengesbach: Firstly, I must emphasize that we are building a hybrid quantum computer that integrates an HPC (High-Performance Computer) with a QPU (Quantum Processing Unit), specifically our quantum computer Bia™. Equinix hosts the HPC component of this hybrid quantum computer in their data center in Enschede. There are two ways to connect our Bia quantum computer to the HPC: either by connecting the Bia system located at our headquarters in Enschede via a direct glass fiber to the Equinix data center, which is conveniently situated across the street, or by placing our hardware directly in the Equinix data center. This requires designing our hardware to be data center compatible, which is a crucial aspect for us.

In summary, QMware is an expert in hybrid quantum computing and will offer the computing power and services to their customers, Equinix is the market leader in data center operations and will host the infrastructure, and QuiX Quantum as a full hardware-stack quantum computing company, will provide the quantum computer connected to the HPC.

When you say it’s important for us to design the hardware so it’s compatible for data centers, what is the challenge there?

Stefan Hengesbach: The hardware is housed in a 19-inch rack and utilizes standard telecom fibers and connectors. A data center compatible product design ensures high uptime, low power consumption, low thermal load, easy maintenance, electromagnetic compatibility, and straightforward installation. These features ensure that our Bia™ rack can be easily rolled into a data center and connected, making it essentially plug-and-play.

Last year, QuiX Quantum and QMware announced their partnership. George, can you elaborate on how QMware is integrating QuiX Quantum into its hybrid platform to be accessed by a broad base of users?

George Gesek: Until now different approaches have been developed to integrate QPUs into HPCs via web or QCU interfaces. [Red. QCU = Quantum Control Unit] But QPU integration into modern cloud data centers consists of much more than a mere data link. We tackle this with our Quantum Hypervisor qognite™ which in turn hides the complexity of the quantum computing operations from the application which uses both, classical and quantum computing resources. To make it work, we design intermediate representations and instruction sets that are downward compatible with future advancements in QPU technology. In this vein, QMware provides investment security for our industry clients even with the usage of highly sophisticated QPUs and their rapid development, like the one by QuiX.

At the Q-Expo, the discussion focused on the commercialization and the benefits of quantum computing technology today. With the QMware – QuiX Quantum partnership, what are your expectations in terms of market access?

Stefan Hengesbach: Let me begin by emphasizing that Equinix, QMware, and QuiX Quantum are committed to the long-term vision of achieving a 250,000 physical qubit quantum computer. We are in a marathon and are dedicated to this long-term goal. However, in the near future, photonic quantum computing is particularly well-suited to addressing special-purpose applications. These include quantum machine learning, random number generation, Monte Carlo analysis, and quantum random walks. Our current chips are specifically designed for these applications, allowing us to effectively map neural networks onto the interferometers we are developing. My commercial expectation is that we leverage these capabilities available to us today.

Ideally, people will use these machines as a sandbox to experiment with smaller problem sets. For instance, if you can optimize the scheduling of two or three trains, it opens the possibility of understanding the potential behind these applications and how much computing power they require from quantum computers.

George Gesek: As Jensen Huang always says, Nvidia has prepared for the thousand-billion market by developing a zero-billion market for a long time. Today quantum computing is in this small but already existing global market of hundreds of millions which expands exponentially. I believe quantum computing will come into today’s stage of AI in about 5 years. Then it will probably be already a ten billion market. But don’t ask me if this is Euro or Dollar.

Let’s give us an outlook on the road ahead. What’s coming for QuiX Quantum, QMware and Equinix?

George Gesek: Without the cloud, there is no AI. And the same is true for quantum computing. We are integrating into the Hyperscalers data centers and building step by step the commercial quantum advantage for our customers. The commercial usefulness of quantum computing can only be achieved by full integration into the global IT value chain.

Stefan Hengesbach: It may be worthwhile to address the current challenges faced by photonic quantum computing. Specifically, what prevents us from delivering a quantum computer with 250,000 qubits today? The answer lies in the availability of photon sources.

While we have made significant strides in developing the detectors, processors, and their firmware, the critical missing component is the source of indistinguishable photons. This issue is resolvable, but it remains a gap in the ecosystem primarily because, prior to the quantum computing era, there was no demand for single indistinguishable photons. Now, with the advent of quantum computing, there is a substantial demand.

The technology is entirely feasible and achievable. It requires engineering time, wafer runs, and further development of control electronics. We initiated this process a year and a half ago, and it is being actively addressed.

Scaling in photonics is relatively straightforward since we have the only qubit information carriers that move at the speed of light and can be interconnected with standard telecom fibers. This creates a direct link to data centers, eliminating the need for conversion to microwaves or frequency conversion to telecom standards. If we can demonstrate a universal error-corrected measurement-based quantum computer on a small scale, scaling up with photonics will not be the hard part.

The initial challenge lies in creating the first hundred physical qubits. However, once we demonstrate this capability, scaling up will involve interconnecting numerous modules with fibers, and from there, the process will rapidly accelerate.

Thank you very much for the conversation!

An interview with Rainer Straeter, Head of Technology Office and Digital Ecosystems at IONOS

Quantum cloud computing is attracting more and more attention, even in the traditional IT sector. IONOS got involved with the new technology at a very early stage. How did this come about?

The initial impetus came from the SeQuenC research project, which aims to set up a quantum cloud for German industry. The project partners already had a great deal of experience in this area. This made it easier for us to enter the field of quantum computing without a great deal of training.

The second point is, of course, our long-term customer focus and the strategic orientation of our product portfolio. Quantum computing has significant advantages in many use cases compared to conventional technologies.

The third impulse was the launch of ChatGPT at the end of 2022, which sent a shockwave through the industry. Too many colleagues were surprised by the impact of the AI tool, even though some players had already been working on their own language models for some time. I assume that quantum computing will be the “next big thing”. We should be better prepared for this.

Before we talk more about customer benefits and use cases, I’m interested in your personal approach to the quantum cloud. What was the spark that got you excited about the topic?

For one thing, we at IONOS are naturally a little bit in love with technology. Quantum is now overturning everything we have learned about computing so far. In my role as Head of Technology Office, it’s my job to analyze new technologies and their potential and develop a strategy – in other words, to answer the question: How can we use the technologies for IONOS internally and for our customers?

In other words, we see customers who can make good use of this technology, either to become much more efficient or because they can tackle use cases that were previously unrealistic with the computing capacities in traditional structures.

Let’s take another look at that. To what extent could quantum computing hold potential for your customers, where do you see the added value of quantum cloud computing for your IONOS user group?

IONOS has a very strong connection to industrial SMEs. This market segment has difficulties gaining access to these new technologies. This applies both to the understanding and know-how required to use the technologies and to gaining access to quantum resources. This is where IONOS is the connecting element and a multiplier. Thanks to our DNA and the broad dissemination of information, we can make these products accessible to SMEs.

We also must do justice to the special structure of the European ecosystem to give our customers a competitive edge. In Europe, we have a strong SME sector compared to other regions of the world and not the large companies that buy a technological advantage with large budgets. Our task is therefore also to democratize technology. This applies to both know-how and technical access. After all, who can afford to get access from one of today’s few quantum computing providers?

An important learning for today’s use of quantum computing is that 80 percent of workloads take place on a traditional cloud infrastructure before really powerful, but also expensive quantum computers come into play.

The entire development of the corresponding code, the development of use cases, testing and simulation is not carried out on a quantum computer today, but with traditional computing resources. These impressive quantum computers that you see in pictures on the Internet will not be in our data center. But we have the cloud infrastructures to carry out the first 80 percent of the workload and simulations and then delegate the execution to the real quantum computer later on.

The next thing we learned was that quantum computing is a continuum. In other words, it’s not just either cloud or quantum computing. We will also use quantum technologies in our IONOS data centers step by step and for very specific use cases. And one of IONOS’ main tasks here is to learn very quickly: Which technologies are coming and when? And: How can we integrate them into our cloud portfolio so that we can map this continuum – from a single virtual machine to a GPU instance and quantum resources through to a very large quantum computer outside the IONOS data center. This continuum should be available to our customers – in such a way that they do not need to understand all the details of quantum computing to use the offering. We simply want to provide a platform that gives them very easy access to this entire continuum – according to their requirements and use cases.

Quantum computing as an evolution of traditional computing: how does the quantum cloud build on the existing infrastructure?

Basically, it is a continuation of the cloud continuum that we already have. Today, on the one hand, there are dedicated servers, i.e. physical systems. Then there is the cloud, i.e. the virtualization of these physical systems. This means I can build larger clusters of systems. The next step is special hardware accelerators. These are hardware technologies that make sense for certain use cases. One example is GPUs: when I use AI models today, we generally use GPU systems.

The next stage is the continuum of quantum technologies. We will see many more innovations in this area, for example hybrid chips that combine GPU technology, CPU technology and quantum technology.

Another interesting aspect is energy consumption. We are currently experiencing how much data center capacity is being built up in the wake of AI, which is also often criticized in the media. This involves costs, but also CO2 emissions. Quantum technology behaves differently here. Energy consumption does not increase exponentially here. Certain use cases are mapped much more efficiently. Our analysis therefore deals with both the possible use cases for quantum computing and the question of which use cases can be mapped more efficiently using quantum technologies.

We will continue along the continuum: starting with the standard hardware we have today, through various process architectures and GPI architectures, to quantum technologies. For our customers, this will result in use cases that can be calculated much faster and more accurately, while also making these calculations more energy-efficient.

Can you name a specific use case for this?

I think we’re just scratching the surface. In other words, ten years ago we didn’t know what potential GPUs would have. For a long time, we used GPUs as graphics card accelerators for demanding games. Only a few people saw this as a crystallization point for AI technology. I see it similarly with Quantum.

Nevertheless, we can now foresee some suitable use cases. Encryption is a use case in which quantum computers are very strong, especially when it comes to recognizing patterns and structures in data volumes. This is another reason why we are currently investing a lot of energy in encryption that cannot be hacked by quantum computers.

Experts also see great potential in optimization tasks, which pose a challenge in the logistics and aviation industries in particular. Here, too, it is important to find the optimum in large volumes of data and structures.

However, quantum software design is not the focus at IONOS. Rather, we are trying to make this technology available to SMEs. Companies should be able to develop their use cases exploratively on our infrastructure. Perhaps 90 percent of the pilot projects will not be successful – but the remaining 10 percent will be precisely those that are mapped extremely effectively on this new technology.

SeQuenC’s partner project, PlanQK, shows quite well how quantum computing can be brought into real applications. A lot of quantum code has already been developed within this framework. This allows us to see very clearly which use cases are being worked on today.

We have also seen the same thing with large language models and other AI models. There are now large platforms from which such new models emerge. Customers adapt and further develop these models because they have low-threshold access to these platforms. This creates entire ecosystems. IONOS is now building the foundation for this new quantum ecosystem in the SeQuenC project. Ecosystems thrive on the fact that many people, companies and research institutions have access to these technologies in order to further develop these waves within the ecosystem.

Now let’s talk about the SeQuenC initiative: a blueprint for the German Quantum Cloud. SeQuenC started in 2022, IONOS is in the lead of this consortium. Tell us a bit more about the partners, your timeline and how you want to create the basis for a new quantum ecosystem with the Quantum Cloud.

The composition of the consortium is very exciting because it brings together many different perspectives on this topic. That’s why we have the University of Stuttgart, which is making a major contribution under Prof. Dr. Frank Leymann, and Fraunhofer Fokus, who are experts in the field and contribute their experience from other specific research projects. And with QMware, a start-up specializing in quantum cloud services, we have a partner that provides the technology and can integrate native quantum hardware. Together, the partners bring quantum simulations and native quantum technologies to the table. And with IONOS, the consortium has a lead that contributes the platform, ecosystem and access to SMEs.

Together we are democratizing access to quantum computing. Users can register on a portal using a credit card and then use quantum computing directly without having to wait. We must achieve this low-threshold access, otherwise such technological innovations and the development of an ecosystem will not work. That is precisely the idea behind SeQuenC. We want German industry to be able to try out quantum computing and develop its own applications easily and without high investments.

With PlanQK, we now also have a partner who has already built a marketplace and makes quantum code fragments available. Now we need the ecosystem that develops the code further – on standard cloud infrastructure, QMware infrastructure, but also on large quantum computers. This generates use cases, which at the end of the day become business cases, deliver added value and can be scaled.

The Quantum Cloud SeQuenC is a project funded by the BMWK until 2025. What happens after the project is completed? Is commercial use planned?

There are several players here with different focuses. The aim of IONOS is to give SMEs access to quantum technology, just as they have access to the cloud today. As IONOS, we will expand our cloud ecosystem to precisely include this aspect: We now supply not only GPUs and not only standard CPUs, but also quantum resources. Initially, research institutes in particular will use the new technology. Many other companies will adopt these results.

We have not reinvented quantum computing but are already in the phase where the rollout is taking place. We are initially building the continuum and we expect even more quantum performance for even more exciting use cases in the future. Ultimately, the role of IONOS is relatively simple: we ensure that the ideas of industry – from small companies to SMEs and large corporates – can be implemented.

You recently attended CloudFest, where you presented the SeQuenC project and explained the collaboration with QMware as a Quantum Cloud service provider. How does the industry react when you talk about the Quantum Cloud with such enthusiasm?

The community is already one step ahead and has understood where quantum computing brings added value. We see many spin-offs and start-ups being founded around the topic. And the more we democratize the technology, the more we will accelerate progress.

On the other hand, quantum is not yet a mainstream technology; skepticism still prevails. A lot of translation work is still needed to bring this technology closer to the masses. However, it is also legitimate that this technology does not have to occupy everyone. For users, it is another service that can offer added value in their business model without them having to understand exactly what is happening in the machine room. Companies that have built up specialist knowledge and are early adopters can offer Quantum as a service with clever ideas.

I repeat myself: nobody wants to experience another ChatGPT shock. Many companies were not sufficiently prepared for the technological leap.

It is better to take your time to develop a solid strategy for a new technology. My recommendation is to examine the potential of the technology for your company now. Does the company want to build a service that uses quantum for optimization? Or solve a technological problem that could not be solved until now? Or is there actually an issue in the company that can be better solved with Quantum?

One final outlook. You have now described both potential and challenges. What would you like to see in order for the transformation into the quantum age to succeed as quickly and successfully as possible? Are there any demands on politicians, industry, or the IT sector?

As with all new technologies, a translation effort is required. It’s no use simply fueling the hype. We need an objective discussion in the public sphere about the opportunities and risks in order to create transparency. At the same time, we need incentives to expand the ecosystem and motivate stakeholders to invest in it. An industrial use case or the development of a specific software solution, which is then made available to industry, are suitable for this. Government funding projects play a key role here. We must not forget: We are in an international race. In Europe, we also have the challenge of very decentralized investment and development in different parcels of land. This also has the advantage that we can pursue a certain diversity and openness to technology. However, we often stumble over lengthy processes and do not get the required speed on the road.

We believe in the federated ecosystem. We must therefore ensure that we democratize access as quickly as possible, scale the results, and make them usable for the European location.

Thank you, Rainer, for your time.